Specjalne samoloty z chasydami wylądują na lotnisku w Radomiu. Bo Okęcie się zapchało

Nowy Sącz. Chasydzi pielgrzymują do grobu cadyka Chaima Halberstama (Fot. Marek Podmokły / Agencja Wyborcza.pl)


Specjalne samoloty z chasydami wylądują na lotnisku w Radomiu. Bo Okęcie się zapchało

Małgorzata Rusek


Nie będzie to nowe połączenie regularne pomiędzy Tel Awiwem a Radomiem, a okresowe przeniesienie lotów z warszawskiego lotniska. Linia Enter Air wybrała na lipiec i sierpień port w Radomiu, aby tu realizować loty z Izraela

– Potwierdzam, że Enter Air zaplanował dodatkowe operacje lotnicze czarterowe na trasie Tel Awiw – Radom. Będą one realizowane już od 13 lipca do końca sierpnia 2026 roku. Będą to rejsy o charakterze zamkniętym, nie dostępne w regularnej sprzedaży – informuje Piotr Rudzki, rzecznik prasowy Polskich Portów Lotniczych.

Jak dodaje, decyzja przewoźnika wiąże się z wakacyjnym obłożeniem Lotniska Chopina w Warszawie i brakiem dostępnych slotów. Jednocześnie rzecznik zastrzega, że połączenie z Izraelem, poza zaplanowanymi na lipiec i sierpień lotami, nie znajdzie się, przynajmniej na razie w siatce Portu Lotniczego Warszawa-Radom. I przypomina, że samoloty izraelskich linii bazowały w kwietniu przez jakiś czas w Radomiu, co mogło mieć wpływ na decyzję o wyborze tego lotniska przy organizacji przelotów z Tel Awiwu do Polski.

A samolotami Enter Air przylecą Chasydzi, którzy odwiedzają Polskę, aby modlić się przy ohelach cadyków, zwłaszcza w rocznicę ich śmierci, w ponad 35 lokalizacjach w kraju. Najczęściej kierują swoje kroki do Leżajska, gdzie znajduje się grób Elimelecha, a także do Nowego Sącza, Lelowa, Góry Kalwarii czy Radoszyc.

Lotnisko w Radomiu. Rekordowa liczba pasażerów w czerwcu i rekordowa strata za ubiegły rok

Połączenia z Tel Awiwem nie wejdą na stałe do siatki lotniska w Radomiu, ale z pewnością wpłyną na jego wakacyjne wyniki. Już czerwiec okazał się rekordowy pod względem liczby odprawionych pasażerów, głównie dzięki uruchomionym lotom czarterowym do wakacyjnych kurortów. W czerwcu z oferty radomskiego lotniska skorzystało 16 108 podróżnych. Oznacza to nie tylko wzrost o około 22 procent względem ubiegłego roku, ale także najlepszy czerwcowy wynik w historii portu. Do 108 wzrosła także liczba cywilnych operacji lotniczych – poza ruchem czarterowym i regularnym port obsłużył 12 rejsów w ruchu general aviation.

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Czerwiec 2026 był rekordowy dla lotniska w Radomiu Fot. Port Lotniczy Warszawa Radom

Pod koniec czerwca odbyła się inauguracja sezonowego połączenia do stolicy Albanii – Tirany. Rejsy pozostaną w siatce lotniska do września, a wyloty zaplanowano na każdy czwartek oraz niedzielę. Loty obsługiwane przez Wizz Air są realizowane w formule charter-mix, co oznacza, że podróżni mogą kupić bilet samodzielnie na stronie przewoźnika lub skorzystać z tygodniowych wakacji przygotowanych przez Biuro Podróży ITAKA (oferta ta dostępna jest do 30 sierpnia br.). Już za niespełna trzy tygodnie (21 lipca) wystartuje ostatnia z letnich nowości – Burgas. Podobnie jak w przypadku Tirany, węgierski niskokosztowiec zabierze turystów nad Morze Czarne dwa razy w tygodniu.

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Czerwiec 2026 był rekordowy dla lotniska w Radomiu Fot. Port Lotniczy Warszawa Radom

Czerwiec przyniósł także pierwszą w historii Lotniska Warszawa-Radom wizytę Boeinga 787-9 Dreamliner. Włoska linia Neos zabrała pasażerów do Nosy Be u wybrzeży Madagaskaru. Rejsy odbyły się kolejno 14 i 21 czerwca.

Lotnisko w Radomiu. Pomoże zapchane Okęcie i administracyjny podział ruchu?

– Zamknęliśmy czerwiec z najlepszym wynikiem w historii portu. Ponad 16 tys. obsłużonych pasażerów to dla nas ogromna satysfakcja, ale przede wszystkim dowód na to, że nasza oferta się sprawdza. Dobrze rozumiemy swoją rolę – gdy w kolejnych tygodniach ruch lotniczy będzie się nasilać, my zapewniamy podróżnym dogodną alternatywę. Radom już teraz odciąża Lotnisko Chopina, a dobrym tego przykładem jest jedno z wakacyjnych połączeń do Hurghady, które przeniosło się z warszawskiego lotniska do naszego portu i pozostanie z nami aż do początku września. Inauguracja połączenia do Tirany i historyczna wizyta szerokokadłubowego Dreamlinera pokazują jasno, że jesteśmy gotowi na nadchodzący szczyt sezonu – podsumował Rafał Siankowski, pełniący obowiązki dyrektora Lotniska Warszawa-Radom.

Zarządzający portem mają nadzieję, że większa liczba połączeń i obsłużonych pasażerów przełoży się na sytuację finansową lotniska. Bo ta po ostatnich latach nie jest ciekawa.  

W roku 2024 lotnisko w Radomiu obsłużyło 112,6 tys. pasażerów. Było to o niecałe 8 tys. osób więcej niż w roku poprzednim, kiedy z portu w okresie od otwarcia w kwietniu do końca roku skorzystało 105 tys. podróżnych. W 2025 wyniki były słabsze – odnotowano tylko 95,6 tys. pasażerów. Pierwsze dwa lata działalności zakończyły się stratą na poziomie 33 mln i 38 mln zł. Z  podsumowania 2025 roku wynika, że strata operacyjna lotniska w Radomiu osiągnęła 44,3 mln zł.

Kilka miesięcy temu Porty Lotnicze informowały o nowej strategii dla Radomia. Jego działalność ma być oparta na modelu hybrydowym, łączącym działalność pasażerską z dodatkowymi funkcjami poprawiającymi rentowność portu, związanymi z obsługą przewoźników czy funkcją cargo. Pomóc ma także wdrożenie administracyjnego podziału ruchu. PPL złożył odpowiednie dokumenty do Ministerstwa Infrastruktury i czeka na decyzję. Ta ostateczna będzie należała do Komisji Europejskiej.


Redagował Jakub Chełmiński


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‘There Is a Serious Problem in My Country’


‘There Is a Serious Problem in My Country’

Grégoire Canlorbe


  • Belgium… banned the overflight of aircraft carrying materials that could be used by Israel for military purposes. That is how my country treats the only democracy in the region, which is currently fighting an existential war on seven fronts — not just to defend itself but to defend Western civilization. Belgium and other countries in Europe are trying to prevent Israel from defending itself — and Europe!
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  • In Belgium… there are people of integrity, but they remain the exception. In the political sphere, the most notable example is Georges-Louis Bouchez, president of the Mouvement Réformateur (“Reformist Movement,” a center-right party)…
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  • Two thousand years ago, Jews were accused of “deicide”; today, of “genocide.” Antisemitism, like a virus, adapts to its environment. In Western societies, where religion is less important, the accusation is recast in the dominant language of the moment — that of human rights.
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  • The problem is that he has to hold the coalition together.

In Belgium, the most notable example of a politician with integrity is Georges-Louis Bouchez, president of the Mouvement Réformateur, who regularly speaks out against antisemitism and defends pro-Israel positions. Pictured: Bouchez speaks in the Chamber of the Federal Parliament in Brussels on March 12, 2026. (Photo by Emile Windal/Belga/AFP via Getty Images)

Joël Rubinfeld is a founding member and president of the Belgian League Against Antisemitism and president of the Jewish Coalition for Kurdistan. He was president of the Coordinating Committee of Jewish Organizations in Belgium, vice-president of the European Jewish Congress, and co-chairman of the European Jewish Parliament.

Grégoire Canlorbe: With the rise of antisemitism in Europe, what has been the result? Has there been an exodus of Jews from Belgium, and if so, what has been its scale?

Joël Rubinfeld: Yes, there has been, although there is no precise data. We might turn to the statistics of the Jewish Agency for Israel, which records how many Jews from different countries who settle in Israel under the Law of Return, the right to come “home” – called Aliyah, to go up. These figures make it possible to tell how many Belgian Jews move to Israel each year but do not include those moving to other countries.

Many of these new arrivals are closely linked to the resurgence of antisemitism in Europe, which has unfolded in two main phases.

The first phase began in late September 2000, with the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The months that followed saw a re-emergence of unabashed antisemitism here in Belgium, mainly driven mainly by political and activist circles on the left. Since then, the spectrum has broadened.

From 2000, the numbers rose from around 60 departures a year to more than a fivefold increase over 15 years.

Before this century, departures were generally driven by ideological or identity-based choices, such as idealism or Zionism, without any sense of urgency. From 2000 onward, a different dynamic emerged: whenever a conflict broke out in the Middle East, antisemitism spiked in Belgium. This happened during the Second Intifada, which began in 2000; then during the war with Hezbollah in 2006, then on four occasions during conflicts with Hamas (2008–2009, 2012, 2014, 2021). Events taking place thousands of kilometers away had a direct impact on the daily lives of Jews in Belgium.

The second phase took place in the last two-and-a-half years, starting with Hamas’s invasion of Israel on October 7, 2023 — but with a change in nature. One might have expected that the jihadist invasion of October 7, would trigger a wave of solidarity and empathy toward Israel. It did — for maybe two hours. On the very day of the attack — days before the IDF retaliated — the antisemites you see today came out of the woodwork. They exploited the war in Gaza to advance their narrative and swell their ranks — to the point of turning the debate into a form of institutional hostility.

This is also what took place in Belgium in most political parties. They began accusing Israel of committing “genocide” in Gaza, calling for economic sanctions or even a boycott of the Jewish state.

The latest example was the twelve-point anti-Israel plan pushed by Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot, a leading figure and former president of the centrist party Les Engagés, The Committed Ones. The plan includes discriminatory measures targeting not only Israel, but also Belgian Jews.

One point, particularly troubling, is a case that came to us recently: Belgian citizens in the eastern part of Jerusalem and in Judea and Samaria are denied access to Belgian consular services. A family of Belgian Jews living in Ma’aleh Adumim, in Judea, went to the Belgian consulate in Jerusalem the other day to renew their passports and were turned away. They then turned to the embassy in Tel Aviv and were refused as well. The message being sent was: “If you want a passport, move to the internationally recognized areas of Israel.”

One must grasp the symbolic meaning of this: Judea is where the name “Jew” originated. Yet today, Belgian citizens of Jewish faith are being discriminated against for living on their own ancestral land.

The Belgian authorities try to defend themselves by claiming that this is not an ethnic specification, but a geographic one. In practice, however, this measure applies only to “Belgians residing in the settlements” — that is, Jews living in the Old City of Jerusalem or in Judea and Samaria. What is ironic is that a Belgian residing in Ramallah, for example, would face no obstacle in renewing their documents. Does this also mean that a Belgian living in East Jerusalem would receive consular services — provided they were not Jewish?

I actually put this question to the Foreign Ministry spokesperson; he dodged it. He claimed not to know the answer. The question, though, is simple: what is done for Belgians living in other disputed or occupied territories — Taiwan, Northern Cyprus, Crimea, Nagorno-Karabakh, and so on? There, one does not see exceptional treatment. This is clearly a double standard, like the special “legal status” imposed on Jews during the Second World War.

Belgium has also banned the overflight of aircraft carrying materials that could be used by Israel for military purposes. That is how my country treats the only democracy in the region, which is currently fighting an existential war on seven fronts–not just to defend itself but to defend Western civilization. Belgium and other countries in Europe are trying to prevent Israel from defending itself – and Europe!

Canlorbe: How do you and other Jews view the various antisemitic acts that have occurred in Belgium since October 7? Was October 7 a catalyst?

Rubinfeld: We witnessed not just a simple increase in antisemitic acts, but an explosion.

According to figures from Unia — the inter-federal body responsible for monitoring racism and discrimination — in the three months after October 7, 2023, reported antisemitic acts rose by 1,000% — ten times higher than for the same period the previous year.

Another organization, Antisemitisme.be, recently published its figures for 2025, recording 232 antisemitic incidents – which may not seem all that many, but these figures remain far below the reality. They are just, as the saying goes, “the tip of the iceberg.”

In Brussels, for instance, there is a “pro-Palestinian” demonstration in the city center every day. It is not authorized, but it is tolerated by the city’s mayor. During these gatherings, participants openly chant the 2.0 slogan of the “Final Solution” — “From the river to the sea, Palestine will be free” — yet such incidents are not included in the statistics. If these daily occurrences alone were added, they would already exceed all official totals.

The problem is the trend. The official figures represent an 80% increase compared to 2024, which was already an abnormally high year after October 7, 2023, when levels were high.

Canlorbe: Are the French different from the Belgians in their attitude toward antisemitism?

Rubinfeld: Belgium broadly faces the same problems as France. The reactions, however, differ.

In France, when an antisemitic act takes place, it often triggers a clear public response: statements from political leaders, media coverage, and condemnations from public figures. This was seen again recently when the names of Jews were mangled by the leader of the French far left, Jean-Luc Mélenchon. The incident sparked an uproar and was denounced by many political, intellectual, and media figures.

In Belgium, this kind of mobilization is rare. Yes, there are people of integrity, but they remain the exception. In the political sphere, the most notable example is Georges-Louis Bouchez, president of the Mouvement Réformateur (“Reformist Movement,” a center-right party), who regularly speaks out against antisemitism and defends pro-Israel positions.

Of the twelve Belgian political parties, eight have embraced what is currently the central antisemitic theme: falsely accusing Israel of “genocide” in Gaza. Three of the five parties are in the governing coalition — the foreign minister himself speaks that way.

At its core, there seems to be a historic, ancient hatred that changes its vocabulary according to the era. Two thousand years ago, Jews were accused of “deicide”; today, of “genocide.” Antisemitism, like a virus, adapts to its environment. In Western societies, where religion is less important, the accusation is recast in the dominant language of the moment — that of human rights.

In addition, there seems to be a linguistic drift: Israel means Zionist means Jew. By conflation, what begins as criticism of a state gradually turns into targeting people — a “domino effect” — in France and Belgium and other places as well.

Canlorbe: Unless I am mistaken, your family on both sides, had to flee countries where there was antisemitic persecution. Morocco joined the Abraham Accords. In Russia, Federal Law No. 128-FZ of May 5, 2014 criminalizes Holocaust denial and the approval of Nazi crimes. In your view, are Morocco and Russia fallback options for Jews?

Joël Rubinfeld: Yes, the last three generations of my father’s family had to flee antisemitic persecution, first from Russian pogroms, then from Poland, then, in 1939, from Austria, after which, they found refuge in Belgium.

On my mother’s side, the story is different. She was born in Morocco and had to leave her country in 1960 amid a growing climate of insecurity for Jews. Further back, her family descends from Jews expelled from Spain at the time of the Inquisition — under Isabella the Catholic and Torquemada — who found refuge in Morocco in 1492. Life there was not always idyllic, but my mother’s family were able to remain on the same land for nearly five centuries.

Today, as his ancestors did before him, the King of Morocco protects the Jews, but very few remain. When my mother was born in 1943, there were nearly 300,000 Jews in Morocco; today, the number is estimated at 2,000 to 3,000. Despite this, I feel a bond with the country. I do not feel a bond with Austria. I feel somewhat at home in Morocco. In fact, I feel safer walking around in Morocco than in many neighborhoods in Brussels.

I know Russian Jews living in Moscow, and they seem to live there normally. However, Russia does not really seem like a fallback option, not least because of local practices when it comes to democracy and freedom of expression.

Canlorbe: Trump is probably the most pro-Israel president America has ever had. Do you have any concerns that the MAGA movement, despite Trump’s support for Israel, could become a springboard for a new generation of right-wing antisemites?

Rubinfeld: Antisemitic tendencies can be found in every camp. On the radical fringe of the MAGA movement and the American far right, influencers such as Tucker Carlson, Candace Owens, and Nick Fuentes are injecting the antisemitic poison into the minds of millions of young people online. It is a real problem that needs to be confronted with the utmost determination.

On the Republican side, this type of discourse is relatively recent and has mainly developed around purveyors of hate active on social media. But over the past twenty years, it is above all within the Democratic camp that antisemitism has gained ground through its radical wing, such as the “Squad.”

One must fully grasp the significance of certain political signals, such as the election of Zohran Mamdani as mayor of New York. His election may herald a national trend, in two, six, or ten years. This is all the more striking given that New York is, outside Israel, the city with the world’s largest Jewish population.

Antisemitism is universal. It can be found on the left and on the right. Herbert Pagani in Plea for My Land (Plaidoyer pour ma terre) summed it up: the left-wing antisemite blames the Jews for being capitalists, while the right-wing antisemite blames them for being revolutionaries.

Canlorbe: In Belgium and France, where socialism and anti-Zionism have risen simultaneously, do you see any connection?

Joël Rubinfeld: Antisemitism fits nicely with the views of the far left. Some authors regarded as foundational have made explicitly antisemitic statements. Karl Marx, for instance, in On the Jewish Question (1843), evidently innocent of the psychological device known as projection –attributing to others aspects of yourself of which you feel ashamed — “What is the secular basis of Judaism? Practical need, self-interest. What is the secular cult of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his secular God? Money. Very well then! In emancipating itself from huckstering and money, and thus from real and practical Judaism, our age would emancipate itself.”

This passage contains a line of thinking still present in certain minds: the idea that “the Jew” embodies money, calculation, enslavement, and that, in order to be “free”, one must “emancipate oneself” from Jews. This twisted rhetoric culminated in the industrial-scale mass-extermination of Jews carried out by Nazi Germany.

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon also expresses a rather raw antisemitism: “The Jew is the enemy of the human race. This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated.” “Rothschild, Crémieux, Marx, Fould — malicious, bilious, envious, acrid beings (…) The Jew must disappear: by iron, by fire, or by expulsion.”

Proudhon even includes Marx, although he was not, strictly speaking, Jewish: his grandfathers were indeed rabbis, but his parents had converted to Protestantism, and Marx was baptized at the age of six. Yet beyond personal rivalries and sectarian quarrels, the central idea remains: the Jew — or the presumed Jew — is portrayed as the incarnation of evil.

The same interpretive lens is at work today among certain frameworks: whether one calls it wokism, intersectionality, or Islamo-leftism, one often finds a Marxist worldview divided between oppressors and oppressed. The designated enemy is “the white person,” and even more so “the white male”; within a Marxian or Proudhonian logic, “the Jew” ends up being portrayed as a kind of “super-white” — the ultimate enemy.

Antisemitism: it reaches levels of verbal and physical violence rarely seen in other forms of hatred, because it does not merely target an individual or a group; it constructs a totalizing myth — that of a supposedly omnipresent, corrupting force responsible for all evils.

Grégoire Canlorbe: Although Bart De Wever condemned the October 7 attack, he refused to support Israel in the war in Gaza; moreover, he conditionally recognized the Palestinian state. Is that really a policy worthy of someone claiming to support Israel?

Joël Rubinfeld: The reality is more complex.

Within the coalition, there are five parties, three of which follow an anti-Israel line: the Flemish Christian Democrats, the Flemish socialists, and the French-speaking centrists. On the other side are the government’s two heavyweight parties: the Flemish nationalists — De Wever’s party — and the French-speaking center-right party led by Georges-Louis Bouchez.

Bart De Wever is neither an outspoken critic of Israel nor an unwavering supporter; yet if most likely, if left to his own judgment, he would stand on Israel’s side rather than oppose it.

The problem is that he has to hold the coalition together. The three anti-Israel parties are smaller, but each could bring down the majority by leaving the government. And for those parties, the Palestinian cause has become a central electoral issue — in a sense, a matter of political survival. So De Wever is not hostile to Israel; he is above all constrained by the internal balance of his coalition.

On the question of recognizing Palestine, Bart De Wever accepted a conditional formula: the anti-Israel parties wanted immediate recognition, as Ireland, Spain, Slovenia, and others did — and as France later put on the agenda. De Wever and Bouchez did not want to go that far.

In the end, it is a “Belgian compromise”: no one is happy, but no one is entirely losing either.

Canlorbe: What hopes do you place in conservative [in French: libéral] politician Georges-Louis Bouchez?

Rubinfeld: He represents the main political shield for Belgium’s Jews. And I do mean the man, more than the party: if he were replaced tomorrow by someone more lukewarm, it is not unthinkable that the Reformist Movement, too, could end up on the wrong side of history.

What makes the difference is his personality. Bouchez is a straight-talker, someone who is neither impressed nor intimidated. In a context where media, activist, and electoral pressure push many politicians into making concessions, this ability to stand firm makes all the difference. Georges-Louis Bouchez may not have Winston Churchill’s composure, but he does have his resolve.


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A New Book Reveals Perhaps the Most Important Lesson of October 7


A New Book Reveals Perhaps the Most Important Lesson of October 7

Nira Broner Worcman and Oswaldo Luiz Pepe


Palestinian Hamas terrorists stand guard on the day of the handover of hostages held in Gaza since the deadly Oct. 7, 2023, attack, as part of a ceasefire and a hostages-prisoners swap deal between Hamas and Israel, in Rafah in the southern Gaza Strip, Feb. 22, 2025. Photo: REUTERS/Hatem Khaled

As tensions between Israel, the United States, and Iran continue to reshape the Middle East, democracies once again face an old and uncomfortable question: When does prevention become legitimate?

The dilemma extends far beyond Israel. Democratic societies have long struggled to determine when emerging threats justify action. Move too early, and you risk being condemned as an aggressor. Move too late, and you are accused of negligence. Respond only after an attack, and the response itself may become the focus of criticism.

The Hamas attack of Oct. 7, 2023, brought this dilemma into sharp focus. The assault on southern Israel killed about 1,200 people and took 251 hostages in the deadliest massacre of Jews since the Holocaust. Since then, one question has echoed across Israel: Why wasn’t Hamas stopped before it struck?

That question lies at the heart of 06:29, the recently published Hebrew book by Amos Harel, the longtime military correspondent for Haaretz, whose English edition is expected later this year. His answer begins with a blunt admission: “Nobody wanted that war.”

The remark is striking precisely because of its source. Harel has spent decades scrutinizing Israel’s political and military leadership. Yet he argues that before Oct. 7, a major preventive operation against Hamas would likely have found little support across Israeli society. There was no broad political appetite, no military consensus, and little public support.

In hindsight, the danger appears obvious. At the time, it did not. The prevailing assumption was that Hamas could be contained. That assumption collapsed on Oct. 7.

Harel argues that this was not simply the failure of one government. Although often critical of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, he notes that successive governments led by Naftali Bennett and Yair Lapid did not fundamentally alter Israel’s strategy toward Hamas. The belief that the threat could be managed rather than confronted had become deeply embedded across Israel’s security establishment.

The failures preceding Oct. 7 point to one danger. The Iraq War reminds us of another.

The 2003 invasion of Iraq, justified in part by claims about weapons of mass destruction that were never found, remains a cautionary example of the risks of acting on flawed intelligence. Democracies are right to be skeptical of preventive action. History offers too many examples of exaggerated threats and misread intelligence.

But the opposite error carries risks as well.

The aftermath of Oct. 7 exposed not only failures of intelligence and deterrence, but also a broader failure of perception — one that shaped governments, public opinion, and media coverage alike.

This paradox also shapes public understanding of war. While the Oct. 7 attack was widely recognized as initiated by Hamas, coverage of the conflict over time tends to shift toward discrete military events.

In Brazil and elsewhere, headlines often emphasize Israel’s military responses to terrorist attacks as standalone developments, while the cumulative context of repeated rocket fire, cross-border attacks, and long-term military build-ups by Hamas and other armed groups receives less sustained attention. Over time, this can weaken the perception of causality, making defensive actions appear less as part of an ongoing cycle of attack and response and more as isolated acts of escalation.

The paradox is that legitimacy often depends less on the nature of a threat than on timing. A successful preventive action can appear indistinguishable from unprovoked aggression because the catastrophe it prevented never occurred.

Consider the counterfactual. Had Israel launched a major operation against Hamas’s military infrastructure in 2022 or early 2023, international criticism would likely have centered on escalation and proportionality. There would have been no massacre, no hostages, and no devastated Israeli communities to shape public perception. Even Harel himself has suggested he likely would not have supported such an operation at the time.

Yet after Oct. 7, many of the same observers asked how Hamas had been allowed to become so powerful. Both positions are understandable. Reconciling them is more difficult.

What makes the Israeli case especially instructive is that the threat was neither hidden nor hypothetical. Hamas repeatedly declared its objectives. Over time, it expanded its military capabilities, built an extensive tunnel network, accumulated weapons, and trained forces for large-scale attacks. At the same time, Hezbollah evolved into an even more formidable Iranian-backed force along Israel’s northern border.

The threat developed gradually. And because it developed gradually, it became normalized. Warnings that might once have prompted urgency instead faded into background noise.

This dilemma extends beyond Hamas. Democracies increasingly confront adversaries whose intentions are openly declared while capabilities accumulate incrementally. The challenge lies not only in identifying threats, but in determining when they cross the threshold that justifies preventive action.

International law remains more developed in defining response than anticipation. Yet many contemporary threats evolve over time rather than presenting themselves as immediate, binary choices.

One of the most revealing moments in Harel’s account comes from an Israeli intelligence officer reflecting on Hamas’s mindset: “They imagined our defeat and occupation. We did not imagine that they were imagining it.”

The observation captures more than an intelligence failure. It reflects a failure of imagination. Hamas prepared for a scenario many considered implausible. Its adversaries treated those preparations as rhetoric rather than operational intent. On Oct. 7, that distinction disappeared.

None of this implies that preventive action is always justified. Democracies require restraint, rigorous intelligence and clear legal and political thresholds before resorting to force. The ability to distinguish between genuine dangers and imagined ones remains one of the defining responsibilities of democratic leadership.

But restraint without any threshold carries its own danger. If force becomes legitimate only after mass casualties occur, democracies may effectively be required to absorb the first blow before they can act.

The lesson of Oct. 7 is not that every threat demands military action, nor that Israel necessarily should have acted earlier. It is that democratic societies still lack a coherent framework for evaluating threats that are declared, visible and slow to materialize.

When does prevention become legitimate? Possible thresholds come to mind: when intentions are openly declared, when military capabilities are built, when intelligence identifies operational planning, or only after civilians are killed?

There are no simple answers. But the absence of clear criteria for prevention carries consequences that democratic societies can no longer afford to ignore.


Nira Broner Worcman is a Brazilian journalist, CEO of Art Presse Communications, and author of A Sisyphean Task (English title of the Brazilian hors commerce edition Enxugando Gelo), a study of media coverage of the war between Israel and terrorist organizations.


Oswaldo Luiz Pepe holds a law degree and is the founder of Art Presse Communications.


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„Gazeta Wyborcza” informuje

250. rocznica uchwalenia amerykańskiej Konstytucji


„Gazeta Wyborcza” informuje

Andrzej Koraszewski


Od wielu miesięcy media amerykańskie (i nie tylko amerykańskie) opublikowały setki artykułów na temat tej okrągłej rocznicy uchwalenia konstytucji państwa ludzi wolnych, które ojcowie założyciele zapowiadali i którego Konstytucja miała bronić przed tyranią. Jedni twierdzą, że eksperyment z amerykańską demokracją właśnie się kończy, inni, że jej obrona wymaga maksymalnej mobilizacji. Wszyscy wskazują na zagrożenia, chociaż wskazują na różne zjawiska, które ich zdaniem tej demokracji zagrażają. Faktem jest, że już 250 lat temu krążyły plotki, iż George Washington lada chwila ogłosi się cesarzem.

W dzień po uroczystościach w Waszyngtonie czytałem artykuł w polskiej gazecie reklamującej się jako najlepsza z najlepszych i apelującej do najbardziej intelektualnie wyrobionych czytelników nad Wisłą. W pierwszych słowach swego listu Katarzyna Rochowicz informuje, że donosi o „250-leciu USA i ewakuacji przed przemówieniem Trampa”.

4 lipca to data ostatecznego uchwalenia Konstytucji USA. Ta konstytucja ma bardzo krótką preambułę:

My, Naród Stanów Zjednoczonych, pragnąc udoskonalić Unię, ustanowić sprawiedliwość, zabezpieczyć spokój w kraju, zapewnić wspólną obronę, podnieść ogólny dobrobyt oraz utrzymać dla nas samych i naszego potomstwa dobrodziejstwa wolności, wprowadzamy i ustanawiamy dla Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki niniejszą Konstytucję.

Cała reszta to instrukcja obsługi państwa, budowa systemu zabezpieczeń, żeby uchronić się przed zawłaszczeniem władzy przez jakąkolwiek grupę. Sami Amerykanie nazywają tę rocznicę Dniem Niepodległości, chociaż Unia była w zasadzie niepodległa już wcześniej.

Stany Zjednoczone są najbardziej udanym dzieckiem brytyjskiego i francuskiego oświecenia. Właśnie w tej kolejności – bardziej brytyjskiego niż francuskiego – bez Robespierre’a i gilotyn, z większym naciskiem na ograniczenie władzy centralnej, która nie ma rządzić, a zaledwie administrować, pozostawiając w rękach obywateli swobodę decydowania w większości spraw.

Pierwsza poprawka do Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych (uchwalona w 1791 roku) gwarantuje obywatelom pięć podstawowych wolności: wolność religii, słowa, prasy, zgromadzeń oraz prawo do wnoszenia petycji. Zakazuje ona Kongresowi ustanawiania religii państwowej oraz ograniczania prawa do swobody sumienia.

Historia ludzkości to głównie historia tyranii i autokracji, amerykański eksperyment był wyjątkowy. Kiedy czytamy preambułę do amerykańskiej Konstytucji, możemy mieć wrażenie, że czytamy doskonałe streszczenie mowy Peryklesa zapisanej przez Tukidydesa. Ateńska demokracja była zaledwie krótkim epizodem. Co tworzono 250 lat temu? Nowe Ateny czy raczej „miasto na wzgórzu”? Jedno i drugie, w długiej tradycji szukano metody pozwalającej na stworzenie państwa wolnych ludzi.

Wolni ludzie to nadal ludzie, więc od pierwszej chwili było oczywiste, że ta kolejna próba zbudowania prawdziwej demokracji będzie zawsze chwiejna i narażona na wykolejenie się. Powstawała jako kolonializm osadniczy, kosztem ludności rdzennej, z niewolnictwem będącym zaprzeczeniem państwa wolnych ludzi. A jednak, na tle całej reszty świata, była czymś absolutnie wyjątkowym. Ta wyjątkowość owocowała niezwykłą innowacyjnością, prężnością i stała się magnesem dla ludzi dobrych i złych z całego świata.

Po niespełna dwustu latach Stany Zjednoczone były już pierwszą potęgą świata, a geopolityka zaczęła coraz silniej wpływać na sprawy wewnętrzne. Zniknęło niewolnictwo, została jego pamięć. Powszechny dostęp do broni, który miał zapobiegać tyranii, stał się utrapieniem. Państwo dobrobytu zaczęło podgryzać zaradność i uzależniać od władzy rozdzielającej świadczenia społeczne z pieniędzy podatników. Nie tylko publiczna oświata znalazła się w głębokim kryzysie. Sama idea amerykańskiej demokracji zaczęła być coraz częściej kwestionowana, a swobody gwarantowane przez pierwszą poprawkę coraz częściej nadużywane. Wolność słowa stała się swobodą wrzasku, oświata aż nazbyt często zmienia się w indoktrynację, wolne media zaczęły się zmieniać w partyjne biuletyny, a cenzura zaczęła się wkradać tylnymi drzwiami, z walnym wsparciem sztucznej inteligencji.

Wróćmy jednak do artykułu Katarzyny Rochowicz:

Świętowanie 250-lecia niepodległości w waszyngtońskim National Mall zostało przerwane przez ewakuację w związku z nadchodzącą burzą. Ostatecznie zarówno przemówienie Donalda Trumpa, jak i pokaz fajerwerków opóźniły się. „Nie ma mowy, żeby cokolwiek nas powstrzymało” – mówił prezydent USA.

Dowiadujemy się, że część ludzi nie posłuchała polecenia, żeby się schronić w pobliskich budynkach, że prezydent zapewniał, iż burza minie. Wreszcie docieramy do wytłuszczonego podtytułu:

Trump ostrzega przed komunizmem. „To tak jak z rakiem: trzeba go wyciąć, i to jak najszybciej”.

Cóż, komunizm, podobnie jak nazizm, otwarcie zwalcza demokrację. Podobnie jak nazizm jest ideologią odpowiedzialną za wojny i ludobójstwa, ma na sumieniu nie mniej niż sto milionów ofiar prześladowań, by nie wspomnieć o produkcji zacofania w krajach Europy Wschodniej, Azji i Afryki. W odróżnieniu od nazizmu jest nadal nauczany i promowany w szkołach oraz na uniwersytetach.

Dziennikarka gaworzy, że przemówienie [prezydenta] rozpoczęło się z półtoragodzinnym opóźnieniem, że Tramp był w dobrym nastroju. Wreszcie docieramy do pierwszego cytatu:

„Ten kraj jest domem wolności. To ziemia wolności, a ta flaga jest sztandarem najbardziej niezwykłego, wyjątkowego i niesamowitego narodu, jaki kiedykolwiek istniał na Ziemi” – oświadczył. Zapewnił, że USA są „silniejsze, bardziej wolne, bogatsze, bezpieczniejsze i bardziej dumne niż kiedykolwiek wcześniej”.

Nie mogę wiedzieć, jak ciąg dalszy odebrali inni czytelnicy, ale ja przy tej lekturze miałem wrażenie, że kiedy autorka dociera do słów Donalda Trumpa o komunizmie, to albo nie wie, o czym amerykański prezydent mówi, albo nie próbuje nawet zrozumieć. Słowa „śmiertelne zagrożenie” ujmuje w cudzysłów, żeby zasygnalizować, że żadnego takiego zagrożenia nie ma.

– Ameryka nigdy nie będzie krajem komunistycznym – zadeklarował Trump. – Nasi żołnierze nie walczyli z komunizmem na polach bitew całego świata po to, by to zagrożenie znów podniosło łeb tutaj, w Ameryce. Nie pozwolimy, by do tego doszło. Tego rodzaju zagrożenie trzeba powstrzymać natychmiast, zanim zdąży się rozwinąć. To tak jak z nowotworem: trzeba go wyciąć i to jak najszybciej – oznajmił prezydent, który w ostatnim czasie kilkukrotnie atakował przeciwników politycznych, nazywając ich „komunistami”.

Po upadku ZSRR sowietologia zmarniała, ale nie trzeba być sowietologiem, żeby dostrzec, że ludzie tacy jak Mamdani, Bernie Sanders i tysiące profesorów amerykańskich uniwersytetów mogą mieć coś wspólnego z komunizmem. Komunistyczna Partia USA ma dziś plus minus dwa tysiące członków, więc to nie o nich mówił amerykański prezydent. Donald Trump nie należy do osób klarownie definiujących pojęcia, których używa. Nie jest jednak tak, że wszystkich swoich przeciwników politycznych nazywa komunistami. Łatwo się domyśleć, że używa tego pojęcia w odniesieniu do wyznawców ideologii „woke”, a może nawet szerzej – do przeciwników wolności takiej, jak ją rozumieli twórcy amerykańskiej Konstytucji.

Trump, jak to Tramp, powiedział, że:

„To, co najlepsze, jest jeszcze przed nami. To dopiero świt złotej ery Ameryki. W tę 250. rocznicę i Dzień Niepodległości deklarujemy, tak jak uczynili to nasi przodkowie dwa i pół wieku temu, że dla naszego kraju, dla naszych dzieci i dla sprawy wolności wyniesiemy Amerykę na nowy poziom, na poziom, jakiego dotąd nie osiągnęła. Uczynimy ją większą, lepszą i silniejszą, a także będziemy ją kochać jeszcze bardziej”.

A nasza dziennikarka kończy swój fajerwerk opisem fajerwerków, które rozpoczęły się po przemówieniu prezydenta.

Tymczasem w niezliczonych esejach, analizach i felietonach na marginesie tej rocznicy w centrum uwagi było nieodmiennie pytanie, czy amerykańska demokracja zdoła przetrwać w obliczu rosnącej potęgi Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej, agresywnego islamu, napływu nielegalnych imigrantów z Trzeciego Świata, wewnętrznej niespójności i nieustannych ataków na konstytucyjny ład. Prawdą jest, że Ameryka nigdy nie była tak bogata jak dziś, ale ta zamożność, ten nieprawdopodobny sukces społeczeństwa opartego na konstytucyjnym ładzie, zdaniem wielu autorów niszczy gotowość jego obrony i wpycha znaczną część młodego pokolenia w łapy różnych proroków totalitarnych doktryn, zaś media – nie tylko w Polsce – coraz częściej dezinformują zamiast dostarczać rzetelnej informacji.


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Only Jewish Trustee of Canadian Human Rights Museum Resigns Over ‘One-Sided Nakba’ Exhibit


Only Jewish Trustee of Canadian Human Rights Museum Resigns Over ‘One-Sided Nakba’ Exhibit

Shiryn Ghermezian


Members of Israel’s Arab minority take part in a rally marking the “Nakba” or “Catastrophe,” when Palestinians lament the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the Jewish state’s subsequent victory in its war of independence, near the abandoned village of Khubbayza, northern Israel, May 9, 2019. Photo: REUTERS/Ammar Awad.

The only Jewish member of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights (CMHR) board of trustees resigned on Monday effective immediately because of concerns over the museum’s “one-sided” exhibit on the so-called Palestinian “Nakba” set to open this week.

International human rights lawyer and scholar Mark Berlin was appointed by the Canadian government as a trustee of the CMHR in 2018. He was formerly the senior adviser on the Middle East to former Attorney General Irwin Cotler and director general of international legal programs at Canada’s Department of Justice, where he oversaw efforts to establish justice sector reforms around the world including in the Palestinian Authority.

Berlin addressed his resignation letter on Monday to Minister of Canadian Identity and Culture Marc Miller and CMHR’s board chairman. He said he has decided to no longer be associated with the Winnipeg museum because it plans to proceed with the exhibit, “Palestine Uprooted: Nakba Past and Present,” in its present form, despite repeated concerns raised by himself and members of the Jewish community.

“Nakba,” the Arabic term for “catastrophe,” is used by Palestinians and anti-Israel activists to refer to the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948. Activists often invoke the term when discussing the displacement of some 750,000 Palestinian Arabs following Israel’s War of Independence, many of whom left the nascent state for varied reasons, including that they were encouraged by Arab leaders to flee their homes to make way for the invading Arab armies. At the same time, about 850,000 Jews were forced to flee or expelled from Middle Eastern and North African countries in the 20th century, primarily in the aftermath of Israel’s declaring independence.

Berlin wrote that presenting the 1948 displacement of Palestinians without “proper historical and political context” offers “a narrow one-sided argument of history that can only deepen the distrust and animosity that currently exists between Jews and Muslims in this country.” He said talking about a historical event “with a one-sided perspective” selected by the museum “serves to deepen division and contributes to further hostility toward Jews in Canada” and raises concerns about the institution’s ability to fulfill its obligations under the Museums Act.

Berlin said the exhibit, opening on Saturday, fails to explain that Arab nations rejected a 1947 United Nations plan to create separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory and launched a war against the newly established state of Israel. The exhibit focuses on the displacement of Palestinian Arabs, but Berlin criticized it for not acknowledging the Jewish people who were forced to flee Arab countries at the same time.

He wrote that the museum’s “vague commitment” to mentioning the Jewish displacement in a later, unconfirmed exhibit is not good enough because “the stories are not severable — they occurred at the same historical moment.”

“A story detached from the surrounding factual details is not the truth; it is just a story,” he added. “The museum has a statutory and moral obligation to tell the full truth, not to sacrifice it at the altar of politics. By their actions, the museum’s mandate is thereby compromised along with the public’s confidence in its integrity. The museum loses its legitimacy when it presents as historical truth a narrative that erases a crucial part of the history.”

Berlin accused the museum of betraying its Jewish supporters with such an exhibit. He believes the museum’s decision to omit the historical and political context surrounding the “Nakba,” and the museum’s “selective approach to history,” is “politically motivated.” He additionally slammed the institution for its “profound failure” in uniting communities.

“Instead, the controversy surrounding this exhibit, and my unsuccessful effort to fight against what I believe to be institutional anti-Zionism and to bring a more balanced perspective to the exhibit’s development, has undermined my confidence in the museum as a place the Canadian public can trust to present an accurate historical exhibit, replacing trust with ideology.”

The Jewish advocacy group B’nai Brith Canada said Berlin’s resignation validates its own previous concerns about the “Nakba” exhibit.

“Mr. Berlin is a respected scholar and someone who has worked, on the ground, to promote peace and human rights in Israel and Palestine,” noted B’nai Brith Canada’s CEO Simon Wolle. “His letter must serve as a wake-up call not only to the CMHR’s remaining trustees but to Minister Miller.” He also called on the Canadian government to intervene.

“It is the government’s job to step in when a trustee resigns and speaks out about a Federal Crown corporation’s internal governance, its work, and its impact on the Canadian public,” Wolle explained. “The CMHR’s mishandling of this exhibit should concern every Canadian. It is not only about the potential harms to the Jewish community, but what it says about the state of our federal institutions, our values, and Canada’s role in upholding international norms and human rights.”

Noah Shack, CEO of the Centre for Israel and Jewish Affairs, said on Monday the “lack of transparency” in the exhibit has “severely undermined confidence in a publicly-funded institution and ultimately left its sole Jewish board representative feeling compelled to resign.” He called on Miller “to hold the museum’s leadership accountable and ensure that national institutions are not weaponized against Canadians to serve a one-sided political agenda.” He said the museum consulted with political activists when curating the exhibit, including one who described the Jewish community’s identity as “a disease to be destroyed.”

In a statement cited by CTV News, Miller’s office thanked Berlin for his work as a trustee of CMHR and said he would be replaced. “Like all Canadians, we expect the board of trustees to continue its important work in fulfilling the mission of the Canadian Museum for Human Rights and to remain representative of the diversity of Canadian voices, as the vacancy is filled in the coming months,” wrote spokeswoman Alisson Levesque.

CMHR CEO Isha Khan said on Monday the exhibit aims to highlight the lived experiences of Palestinian Canadians and their stories of forced displacement, according to Canada’s CBC News. Khan added that the museum understands Berlin’s concerns but claimed the exhibit has received support from Jewish Canadians. Board chair Benjie Nycum said the museum’s board “remains committed” to the exhibit’s opening.


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