Archive | 2023/09/12

22 lata od 9/11 i napięcie wciąż narasta – dżihadyści czekają na kolejną szansę

Strona tytułowa magazynu Al-Kaidy Ummah Wahidah („Jeden naród”) z 10 września 2022 r., / przedstawiająca następstwa ataku na Pentagon z 11 września.


22 lata od 9/11 i napięcie wciąż narasta – dżihadyści czekają na kolejną szansę

Steven Stalinsky


Ujawnienie z końca sierpnia, że siatka przemytników migrantów powiązana z ISIS pomogła kilkunastu osobom przedostać się z Meksyku do Stanów Zjednoczonych, należy rozumieć jako przypomnienie, że ponieważ dzisiaj przypada 22. rocznica ataków z 11 września, grupy terrorystyczne nie porzuciły nadziei na przeprowadzenie kolejnych ataków na USA. Niewiele wiadomo na temat miejsca pobytu tych ludzi i należy spodziewać się najgorszego. Jednocześnie to odkrycie doprowadziło do licznych rozmów dżihadystów w Internecie na temat jeszcze bardziej konkretnych sposobów przedostania się do USA zarówno z Meksyku, jak i Kanady.

Mniej więcej co kilka tygodni pojawia się więcej wiadomości o aresztowaniach, procesach i wyrokach skazujących powiązanych z Al-Kaidą i ISIS w USA – na przykład w Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesocie, Indianie, Florydzie, Teksasie i Oregonie oraz za granicą, w Wielkiej Brytanii, Austrii, Hiszpanii, innych częściach Europy i Australii. W jednej z bardziej niepokojących spraw 14 sierpnia aresztowano 17-latka z Pensylwanii, któremu postawiono zarzuty m.in. o planowanie ataku terrorystycznego z użyciem broni masowego rażenia. Wspólna Grupa Zadaniowa ds. Terroryzmu FBI stwierdziła, że gdyby mu się udało, mogłoby to być „katastrofalne”.

Ci dżihadyści, których ataki zakończyły się sukcesem, musieli zadowolić się atakami na małą skalę i o ograniczonym skutku. Ale nie wynika to z braku prób ani chęci przeprowadzenia masowego ataku o jeszcze większym zasięgu niż 11 września. Aby uczcić zeszłoroczną rocznicę 11 września, Al-Kaida opublikowała 270-stronicową książkę, której autorem jest zmarły zastępca przywódcy grupy Abu Muhammad Al-Masri, która podkreśla potrzebę zdobycia i użycia broni nuklearnej.

Jedyną rzeczą, którą mają dżihadyści, a której my nie mamy, jest cierpliwość. Dwadzieścia dwa lata to nic w historii dżihadu, a oni mówią to Zachodowi od dziesięcioleci. Jeden z dowódców Al-Kaidy najbliższych bin Ladenowi, Abu Salma Al-Hijazi, obiecał w wywiadzie dla islamistycznego forum internetowego Al-Qal’a („Twierdza”) w 2003 r., że „jesteśmy cierpliwi. Nasza cierpliwość zakończy się dopiero upadkiem Ameryki.” Dowódca Al-Kaidy w Iraku, Abu Mus’ab Al-Zarqawi, w lutym 2005 roku wezwał swoich zwolenników do cierpliwości, ponieważ Allah obiecał zwycięstwo nad amerykańskim „tyranem”. W wywiadzie z maja 2007 r . opublikowanym na stronach internetowych dżihadu zastępca przywódcy Al-Kaidy w tamtym czasie szejk Mustafa Abu Jazid radził swoim wyznawcom, aby „byli cierpliwi i wytrwali na ścieżce [dżihadu], bez względu na trudności…”

Co więcej, agent Al-Kaidy Abu Talha „Niemiec”, powiedział na islamistycznym forum Al-Faludża w styczniu 2009 roku: „Mudżahedin to jedyny pojazd, który nie może się cofać… Jest cierpliwy”. Niedawno w czasopiśmie Al-Kaidy z okazji ubiegłorocznej rocznicy 11 września podkreślono: „Jeśli chodzi o Amerykę, mudżahedini zauważają waszą słabość i amerykańscy przywódcy dobrze to dostrzegają. Nasza walka jest bardzo długa i nie brakuje nam cierpliwości… Zwycięstwo to cierpliwość…”

Kanadyjski magazyn informacyjny Macleans pokazał w migawce rozumienie czasu przez dżihadystów we wrześniu 2017 r.: podczas wojny w Afganistanie, wiele lat przed wycofaniem się Stanów Zjednoczonych z Afganistanu, talibski dowódca, który widział, jak jego siły przegrywają bitwę za bitwą, mimo to powiedział Rickowi Hillierowi, ówczesnemu szefowi sztabu obrony Kanady: „Wy macie zegarki, ale my mamy czas”. Zatem model talibów służy jako przykład do naśladowania dla globalnego ruchu dżihadu.

Z każdą rocznicą mijającą od 2001 roku coraz więcej Amerykanów zapomina o głębokim wpływie ataków. Czytamy nazwiska ofiar i co roku obserwujemy medialne obchody tego dnia – tak jak dżihadyści upamiętniają to na swój własny sposób. Na swoich stronach internetowych rozpowszechniają zdjęcia i filmy z ataków, świętują je i publikują pochwały dla nich i planistów.

Wiodący magazyn kobiecy Al-Kaidy opisał, jak świat dżihadu obchodzi rocznicę 11 września: „Dzisiaj w roku 2022 w dalszym ciągu z wielką dumą rozmawiamy o atakach z 11 września i aktach odwagi dokonanych przez naszych 19 odważnych [porywaczy] braci”. I dalej: „Nasze dzieci powinny pamiętać tę chwalebną datę, a nasze kobiety powinny o niej uczyć dzieci. Należy tego uczyć w każdej szkole. Wszyscy muzułmanie powinni być z tego dumni…”

Właśnie w tym tygodniu autor popierający ISIS zamieścił w Internecie zdjęcie kokpitu Boeinga 737, szczegółowo opisując każdy element w kokpicie, pisząc „na wszelki wypadek Ikhwan”, nawiązując do ataku z 11 września. Gdyby nie niestrudzone wysiłki funkcjonariuszy zajmujących się zwalczaniem terroryzmu, podejmowane każdego dnia przez ostatnie 22 lata, na całym świecie doszłoby do dziesiątek śmiertelnych ataków. Jeśli jednak ich wysiłki ustaną choćby na minutę, grupy terrorystyczne w USA i na całym świecie będą gotowe do ataku.


*Steven Stalinsky jest dyrektorem wykonawczym MEMRI


Zawartość publikowanych artykułów i materiałów nie reprezentuje poglądów ani opinii Reunion’68,
ani też webmastera Blogu Reunion’68, chyba ze jest to wyraźnie zaznaczone.
Twoje uwagi, linki, własne artykuły lub wiadomości prześlij na adres:
webmaster@reunion68.com


Our Weaponized Legal System Misfires

Our Weaponized Legal System Misfires


MICHAEL LIND


How partisan lawfare threatens democracy

.

Traders on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange watch the opening of the public hearing in the impeachment inquiry of President Donald Trump on Nov. 13, 2019SPENCER PLATT/GETTY IMAGES

The greatest threat to democracy today is not populism, as elite liberals claim. Nor is it the old-fashioned dictatorial coup d’etat. The greatest danger that multiparty democracy faces is “lawfare”—the weaponization of national judicial systems by political parties to delegitimize, harass, bankrupt, disqualify, and sometimes imprison politicians of other parties.

In Scotland, the husband of former Prime Minister Nikola Sturgeon has been arrested in a case involving Scottish National Party finances; soon she may be arrested herself. In India, opposition leader Rahul Gandhi has been arrested and sentenced to two years in jail and expelled from parliament for joking about the name of India’s prime minister, Narendra Modi. In Pakistan, former Prime Minister Imran Khan has been arrested, with Pakistan’s Supreme Court holding that his arrest by paramilitary forces was unconstitutional. In Brazil, Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was recently elected president, after having been arrested and imprisoned on corruption charges, only to have the verdict thrown out by a judge. In 2018, half of all former living South Korean presidents were in prison.

Latin America, sharing separations-of-powers constitutions like the U.S., leads the world in impeachments of presidents by opposition parties carrying out “legislative coups.” Of 12 impeachments in Latin America since 1900, 10 have taken place in the last three decades and six in only three nations—Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay.

In the 235 years in which the U.S. has been governed under the federal Constitution, three of the four presidential impeachments have taken place in the last 25 years, and two in the last three years. In North America, as in Latin America, impeachment has gone from being the last resort in emergencies to being a frequently used weapon by one political party against another.

Has any U.S. president ever deserved impeachment? Yes, one: Richard Nixon.

Nixon’s Special Investigations Unit, known as the Plumbers, had originally been created to spy on opponents of the Vietnam War. On June 17, 1971, Nixon told his aide H.R. Haldeman he wanted the Plumbers to obtain files that might be in the safe of the Brookings Institution that could show that his predecessor, Lyndon Johnson, had ordered a bombing halt in Vietnam to help Nixon’s Democratic opponent in 1968, Hubert Humphrey. Nixon wanted to use the files to blackmail Johnson.

Nixon: “Did they get the Brookings Institute raided last night? No?”

Haldeman: “No, sir, they didn’t.”

Nixon: “Get it done! I want it done!” (banging desk for emphasis) I want the Brookings Institute safe cleaned out, and have it cleaned out in a way that makes somebody else” (unclear).

On July 1, Nixon returned to the theme in a meeting with Haldeman and Henry Kissinger:

Haldeman: “You could blackmail [Lyndon] Johnson on this stuff, and it might be worth doing. …

Nixon: “Bob? Bob? Now you remember Huston’s plan? Implement it.”

Kissinger: “Couldn’t we go over? Now, Brookings has no right to have classified documents.”

Nixon: “I mean, I want it implemented on a thievery basis. Goddam it, get in and get those files. Blow the safe and get it.”

Brookings was never burglarized and the safe was never blown, but the Plumbers later burglarized the Watergate Hotel in search of Democratic Party secrets, leading eventually to Nixon deciding to resign before he could be impeached. I think most people of all parties would agree that a president who uses a private gang to burglarize the offices and hotel rooms of his opponents is indeed guilty of “high crimes and misdemeanors.”

In contrast to the possible impeachment of Nixon, the impeachments of Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton, and the two impeachments of Trump, were unjustified exercises of partisan power. Andrew Johnson was a terrible president, but the radical wing of his own Republican Party impeached him because they opposed his Reconstruction policies, not because he committed any “high crimes and misdemeanors.” Clinton’s affair with Monica Lewinsky and his perjury in concealing it; Trump’s clumsy attempt to get Ukrainian President Zelensky to supply him with incriminating evidence against Hunter Biden; the inflammatory effect of Trump’s claim that the election had been stolen in inciting the unforeseen January 6 riot (not “insurrection”)—all of these deserved the harsh penalty of censure by Congress, but not the nuclear weapon of impeachment and removal from office.

A more serious charge arises from Trump’s recorded phone call to fellow Republican Brad Raffensburger, Georgia’s secretary of state, asking him to “recalculate” to “find 11,780 votes.” Raffensburger refused, as the state had already done three separate ballot counts and two certifications of Biden’s victory.

Even with Georgia’s electoral votes, Trump still would have lost the electoral college to Biden. Trump failed to persuade officials in other states, as well as Vice President Pence and other leading Republicans, to take steps to delay or overturn the certification of Biden as president. From this distance in time, Trump looks less like the mastermind of a plausible scheme to overturn the election and establish a dictatorship than an incompetent, pathetic narcissist who genuinely believed that he had been cheated out of a second term and listened to cronies who fed his delusion.

Even after the riot on January 6, six Republican senators and 121 Republican House members objected to certifying the electoral outcome in Arizona, while seven Republican senators and 138 House Republicans objected to certifying the results in Pennsylvania.

This was a disgraceful stunt, but it was an escalation of what had become the normal practice of both parties for years. In January 2005, House Democrat Stephanie Tubbs Jones of Ohio and California Sen. Barbara Boxer, also a Democrat, objected to the certification of Ohio’s electoral votes, claiming: “We believe there are ample grounds for challenging the electors from Ohio as being unlawfully appointed.” If their motion had succeeded, all 20 Electoral College votes of Ohio for George W. Bush would have been denied and with neither candidate having an Electoral College majority the election would have been decided by the House of Representatives. Although the effort failed, 32 members of Congress, all Democrats, voted for this attempt to overturn the presidential election of 2004.

On Jan. 6, 2017, the following seven Democrats in the House objected to the certification of the electoral count: Jamie Raskin, D-Md., (objecting to Florida’s votes); Jim McGovern, D-Mass., (objecting to Alabama’s votes); Pramila Jayapal, D-Wash., (objecting to Georgia’s votes); Raul Grijalva, D-Ariz., (objecting to North Carolina’s votes); Sheila Jackson Lee, D-Texas, (objecting to votes from North Carolina, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Mississippi; Barbara Lee, D-Calif., (objecting to Michigan’s votes); and Maxine Waters, D-Calif., (objecting to Wyoming’s votes).

Several of these Democrats objected to congressional certification of the 2016 election on the basis of conspiracy theories. Barbara Lee alleged Russian manipulation of the election and malfunctioning voting machines. Sheila Jackson Lee claimed there had been “massive voter suppression” in Missisippi. All were overruled by then-Vice President Joe Biden in 2017, in the same way that Vice President Mike Pence overruled similar objections in 2021.

One of the Democrats in the House who tried to stop the certification of the election in 2016 on spurious grounds, Jamie Raskin, went on to be the lead impeachment manager in the second impeachment of Donald Trump.

Impeachment has gone from being the last resort in emergencies to being a frequently used weapon by one political party against another.

Having lost the election of 2020 and returned to private life, Donald Trump is now the most likely opponent of Joe Biden in the presidential election of 2024. Trump continues to be the victim of Democratic lawfare. Attorney General Merrick Garland authorized a theatrical ransacking of Donald Trump’s home by FBI agents to collect classified documents during a dispute over ownership—shortly before it was learned that President Joe Biden also had possessed classified documents, from his days as vice president.

Now Alvin Bragg, the elected district attorney of New York City, has had Trump arrested and indicted. Trump is charged with falsifying business records while legally paying hush money to Stormy Daniels, a porn star with whom he had an affair. By an extreme stretch of the imagination, Bragg claims this violated campaign finance laws. Even so, normally this would be a misdemeanor, punished by a fine. For example, in 2022, the Federal Election Commission fined the Democratic National Committee and the Clinton campaign more than $100,000 for disguising payments to Fusion GPS, the opposition research group behind the pro-Clinton “Russiagate” hoax that claimed Trump was a witting or unwitting Russian asset, by claiming falsely that the money was for legal expenses incurred by the law firm Perkins Coie.

But Bragg, instead of seeking to fine Trump for similar campaign finance violations, has promoted 34 charges to felonies. If convicted on all 34 counts, Trump could face a maximum sentence of 136 years.

Cy Vance, Bragg’s predecessor as DA, refused to charge Trump on such flimsy grounds. His refusal infuriated many Democrats who welcome Bragg’s prosecution of Trump as revenge, pure and simple, for Trump’s defeat of Hillary Clinton in 2016 and the failure of the two unjustified impeachments of Trump by partisan Democrats in the House. Campaigning for election to the post of district attorney, Bragg boasted: “I have investigated Trump and his children and held them accountable for their misconduct with the Trump Foundation. I know how to follow the facts and hold people in power accountable.” This sounds very much like a campaign promise to voters in overwhelmingly Democratic New York City to find some excuse, any excuse, to use the power of the District Attorney’s Office to try to imprison a former president they despised.

“Whataboutism” is a perfectly valid argument, when it is proof of a double standard. For most Democrats, Bill Clinton’s perjury about his affair with Lewinsky was “just about sex” and blown out of proportion to the offense. And yet Trump’s hush money payment to Stormy Daniels, many Democrats tell us, threatened democracy itself by somehow subverting the 2016 presidential election.

In yet another case in overwhelmingly Democratic New York, a federal jury found Trump innocent of a charge of raping E. Jean Caroll, while finding him guilty in a civil trial of defamation and sexual abuse and ordering him to pay a fine of $5 million. Assuming that Trump was guilty on these lesser counts, perhaps Alvin Bragg or other Democrats can come up with a creative theory why this incident, like the Stormy Daniels incident, threatened American democracy.

For his part, Trump has often threatened to wage the kind of lawfare to which he has been subject by Bragg and other partisan Democrats abusing the powers of their office, like former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the House Democrats who thrilled their voters by impeaching him twice. In a presidential debate on Oct. 9, 2016, on live television, Trump told Clinton: “If I win, I am going to instruct my attorney general to get a special prosecutor to look into your [missing email] situation, because there has never been so many lies, so much deception.” When Clinton replied, “It’s just awfully good that someone with the temperament of Donald Trump is not in charge of the law in our country,” Trump interjected: “Because you’d be in jail.”

During campaign rallies, Trump smiled as his followers chanted “Lock her up!” and at one point he told a crowd: “She has to go to jail!” All of this over Clinton’s use of a private email server during her service as U.S. secretary of state, a minor security breach and a misdemeanor of a kind which in most cases the government has chosen not to prosecute.

When I raise my concerns about the increasing resort by both parties to lawfare as a substitute for regular electoral politics in the U.S., I am sometimes told that nobody is above the law. But this is a facile answer, for two reasons.

The first has to do with legal complexity and ambiguity. Many of the politicians who have been attacked by their partisan rivals with the weapons of lawfare have been ensnared by charges of corruption in campaign spending. I do not claim to be an expert in U.S. campaign finance laws, much less those of Israel or South Korea. But the campaign laws in our country and many others are so complex and vague that any clever prosecutor might be able to indict any politician. Hush money payments to keep an extramarital affair out of the press constitutes election interference? Really, Mr. Bragg?

Moreover, some abuses of office in return for donations are perfectly legal in the United States. For example, all presidents appoint a number of rich campaign donors or bundlers, many of them utterly unqualified, to ambassadorships. Joe Biden has given around a third of ambassadorial appointments to donors. Isn’t this … selling offices? And if so, this routine practice is not so different from the corruption of former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich, who was impeached by the Illinois legislature and sent to prison for, among other things, plotting to “obtain a personal benefit in exchange for his appointment to fill the vacant seat in the United States Senate [left by President-elect Obama].” If former President Obama is not in prison for appointing 31 campaign “bundlers” who each raised $50,000 or more and who together raised more than $20 million for Obama’s campaigns to cushy ambassadorial posts in Western Europe, Canada, and New Zealand, why was Blagojevich’s sale of Obama’s Senate seat—as distinct from his other misdeeds—a crime? (In 2020, President Trump commuted Blagojevich’s 14-year sentence after eight years in prison.)

Another form of perfectly legal corruption in the United States involves ex-presidents being paid enormous sums for speeches by special interests that may have benefited from their policies while in office. In 1989, former President Ronald Reagan reportedly earned $2 million from a Japanese media conglomerate for a speech and tour of Japan.

Hollywood and Wall Street are major donors to the Democratic Party and they see to it that former Democratic presidents get rich quickly. After serving in the White House, for example, Barack Obama made $1.2 million for only three Wall Street speeches. He and former first lady Michelle Obama were given lucrative deals to produce TV shows and films with Netflix and podcasts with Spotify through their company Higher Ground Productions, hastily founded for that purpose in 2018. How is this any different from the former head of a congressional committee or a former executive branch regulator immediately being hired or otherwise paid off by the industry he or she regulated?

I am not arguing that Barack and Michelle Obama should be locked up, though they should be shamed for their blatant buck-raking. My point is that, just as it is hard to make sense of American campaign finance laws, there seems to be no logic to which certain kinds of pay-to-play deals and payoffs for services rendered are legal in this country and which can lead to jail time. It follows we should be skeptical about corruption charges along with alleged campaign finance violations, particularly when a partisan political motive is behind a prosecution.

The second reason that the phrase “nobody is above the law” is a trite answer that evades serious questions has to do with legitimacy. When I have taught courses on politics, I have asked students: What is the purpose of multiparty democracy? To achieve justice? No, I suggest, it is to avert civil war, by exchanging ballots for bullets. If elections are thought of as bloodless civil wars every few years, then the losers must be conciliated and made to feel that they remain valued members of the national community and that they have a chance to win next time. If each party portrays the other as an enemy to democracy and society, and the winners use the court system to bankrupt and jail opponents in attempts to prevent the losers from winning elections in the future, then the legitimacy of the democratic system will collapse.

Here we can learn lessons from actual civil wars. Thanks to President Andrew Johnson’s 1868 proclamation “granting full pardon and amnesty for the offense of treason against the United States during the late Civil War,” only two Confederate soldiers were executed for crimes committed during the war, Henry Wirz, commandant of the notorious Andersonville prisoner of war camp, and a Confederate guerrilla, Henry “Champ” Ferguson. Both Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate army, and former Confederate President Jefferson Davis were pardoned as part of Johnson’s amnesty, even though the rebellion they led had caused the death of more than 600,000 Americans—more than died in the world wars, the Korean War, the Mexican-American War, the Spanish-American War, the War of 1812 and the War of Independence, combined.

Abraham Lincoln almost certainly would have approved of his successor’s amnesty. In Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln’s bodyguard Ward Hill Lamon related the following story:

General Grant asked for special instructions of Mr. Lincoln, whether he should try to capture Jefferson Davis, or let him escape from the country if he wanted to. Mr. Lincoln related the story of an Irishman who had taken the pledge of Father Matthew, and having become terribly thirsty applied to a bar-tender for a lemonade; and while it was being prepared he whispered to the bar-tender, ‘And couldn’t you put a little brandy in it all unbeknownst to myself?’ Mr. Lincoln told the general he would like to let Jeff Davis escape all unbeknown to himself; he had no use for him.

Partisan prosecutions need to be condemned by all civic-minded Americans now. Otherwise, Republican versions of Alvin Bragg all over the country may soon appear and start suing former Democratic officials now in private life. American democracy may die, not all at once in a coup d’etat, but slowly as the result of party-driven legislative impeachments and vengeful partisan lawsuits.


Michael Lind is a columnist at Tablet and a fellow at New America. His most recent book is The New Class War: Saving Democracy from the Managerial Elite.


Zawartość publikowanych artykułów i materiałów nie reprezentuje poglądów ani opinii Reunion’68,
ani też webmastera Blogu Reunion’68, chyba ze jest to wyraźnie zaznaczone.
Twoje uwagi, linki, własne artykuły lub wiadomości prześlij na adres:
webmaster@reunion68.com


First Trailer Drops for ‘One Life’ Starring Anthony Hopkins as Holocaust Hero Nicholas Winton

First Trailer Drops for ‘One Life’ Starring Anthony Hopkins as Holocaust Hero Nicholas Winton

Shiryn Ghermezian


Anthony Hopkins as Sir Nicholas Winton in “One Life.” Photo: Courtesy of TIFF

The official trailer was released last week for the upcoming film One Life, in which star actor Sir Anthony Hopkins takes on the lead role of Sir Nicholas Winton, a British stockbroker whose real life heroic efforts saved hundreds of children from Nazi persecution on the eve of World War II.

The film, made in collaboration with BBC Films and See Saw Films, stars actor Johnny Flynn as a young Winton while Hopkins plays him during his older years. When Flynn’s character is asked in the trailer why he is risking his life to help hundreds of children, he replies, “Because I may be able to do something about it — I must.”

The extended cast includes Helena Bonham Carter — whose grandfather saved thousands from the Holocaust — as Winton’s German-Jewish mother, Babette Winton, and Jonathan Pryce as Martin Blake. Carter’s character tells a young Winton in the film, “Nicky, you must know, we cannot save them all. You have to forgive yourself.”

Winton visited Prague in December 1938 and found thousands of refugees who fled the Nazis in Germany and Austria and now faced the threat of a Nazi invasion in Czechoslovakia. Over the course of the next few years, he helped transport nearly 700 children, mostly Jewish, safely from Czechoslovakia to London through the Kindertransport initiative, up until the borders closed.

Afterwards, for five decades, Winton lived with grief and guilt over the children he could not save — until the live BBC television show That’s Life! surprised him by introducing him to some surviving children, who are now adults. That real life moment is one of many emotional scenes portrayed in One Life.

Winton was nicknamed the “British Schindler” for his efforts and knighted in 2003 by Queen Elizabeth II. He died in 2015 at the age of 106.

One Life, from director James Hawes, will be released in theaters in the United Kingdom on Jan. 1, 2024. The film had its world premiere at the 2023 Toronto International Film Festival on Saturday.

Watch the trailer below.


Zawartość publikowanych artykułów i materiałów nie reprezentuje poglądów ani opinii Reunion’68,
ani też webmastera Blogu Reunion’68, chyba ze jest to wyraźnie zaznaczone.
Twoje uwagi, linki, własne artykuły lub wiadomości prześlij na adres:
webmaster@reunion68.com